Aims and Scops Journal of Ideas in Health ( JIDHealth ) is an international general medical, open-access double-blind peer-reviewed online journal. This journal provides a platform for new insights to improve health. Researchers are welcome to submit their articles in all health-related sub-disciplines (medical, pre-clinical, and clinical research, reviews, preliminary, and pilot studies). Special focus shall be given to scientific, new, and innovative ideas. All accepted articles will be published online in the next available issue when ready for publication.
Dental conditions in the silvery mole rat (heliophobius argenteocenerius emini): a case report
Background: As in other organisms, the normal performance of rodents depends on health status of all the body systems including the oral cavity and associated structures. Any deviation from normal function of the oral cavity or teeth results in a complex clinical sign that may be related to other systems secondarily. The current case report describes four dental conditions encountered in the Silvery mole rat (Heliophobius argenteocenerius emini) kept at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. Case presentation: Three out of twenty-two animals developed dental conditions associated with mandibular and maxillary incisors. Based on clinical presentations, the conditions were closely assessed under general anaesthesia using xylazine-ketamine protocol at 5 and 50 mg/kg respectively. Detailed examination revealed that all the three animals had more than one dental condition including incisor overgrowth, lateral deviation, malocclusion of different levels ranging from mild to severe and fractured incisor tooth presented as pseudo-oligodontia. Severe incisor overgrowth and malocclusion were managed by coronal reduction of the clinical crown. Conclusion: The current report highlights few dental conditions encountered in the Silvery mole rats. Malocclusion of the incisors was common to all the three animals signifying that this probably is the most common dental condition in this species as reported in other rodents. Detailed studies are recommended to explore more on the prevalence of dental and periodontal diseases of this rodent group. Keywords: Silvery Mole Rat, Incisor Overgrowth, Lateral Deviation, Malocclusion and Incisor Fracture, Tanzania
Silvery Mole Rat, Incisor Overgrowth, Lateral Deviation, Malocclusion and Incisor Fracture, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2026 Mungo Kisinza Ngalameno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial intelligence-assisted decision support for postpartum family planning: a machine learning framework for personalized contraceptive recommendations in resource-limited settings
Background: For postpartum women, access to proper family planning methods in underserved regions is limited, which has contributed to the high rate of unwanted pregnancies and their associated sequelae. Despite efforts to curtail these challenges through the institution of the World Health Organization (WHO) medical eligibility criteria (MEC) provided guidance, their application in postpartum care is impeded by factors such as breastfeeding status, contraceptive availability, prior side effects, and privacy concerns. Methods: This study instituted a comparative analysis featuring machine learning frameworks like logistic regression, Random Forest and XGBoost trained using a synthetic dataset of 8,000 anonymized postpartum records derived from a publicly available contraceptive method choice dataset and augmented with postpartum-related variables to achieve a prediction goal of seven WHO- approved contraceptive methods with the best performing model integrated with a Telegram bot for accessibility. Results: The XGBoost model achieved the best performance with a test accuracy of 88.5% and a macro-averaged F1-score of 0.734, demonstrating balanced predictive performance across the seven contraceptive classes. Conclusion: This study, as a proof of concept shows the urgency in using AI to combat lack of access to healthcare. Despite the excellent outcome, the need for further validation with real world data is imperative after which clinical deployment can be mooted. This model, if successfully deployed in clinical settings may support postpartum women in making informed decisions about their health, thereby contributing positively to maternal health especially in underserved regions. This study, though promising, is however limited by the use of synthetic data which can affect model performance on unseen dataset.
Postpartum Family Planning, Machine Learning in Reproductive Health, Contraceptive Decision Support, WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC), Explainable Artificial Intelligence, Digital Health in Underserved Settings, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Babatunde Ogunmiloro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene, health care utilization, spiritual and traditional medicine practices in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Due to the impact of COVID-19 on conventional healthcare systems globally, communities have been compelled to modify numerous public health practices and adjust to new circumstances. This scoping review aims to delineate the existing research on the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on health behaviors in Africa. This review examines alterations in healthcare utilization, hand cleanliness practices, and spiritual and traditional medical methodologies. The evaluations will employ the analytical framework established by Arksey and O'Malley, incorporating modifications proposed by Levac, Colquhoun, and O'Brien to enhance the planning process. A variety of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, will be utilized to meticulously analyze peer-reviewed literature published from 2021 to 2025. Data will be collected using thematic analysis, and results will be presented in accordance with PRISMA-ScR principles to ensure clarity and consistency. This study aims to establish a robust evidence foundation for culturally responsive public health treatments in Africa that are appropriate for the post-pandemic context.
COVID-19, Hand Hygiene Practices; Spiritual and Traditional Medicine; Scoping Review Protocol, Ghana
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabina Ampon-Wireko, Dafaah Franklin, Samuel Yaw Opoku, Mukadas Oyeniran Akindele, Osei Ernest, Isaac Yaw Massey, Enoch Weikem Weyori http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Myxobolus parasites from freshwater and saltwater fishes in Mwanza and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
Background: Myxobolus species are Myxosporean parasites affecting various fish, causing diseases that weaken populations and result in substantial economic losses in aquaculture and fisheries. Despite extensive studies in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, there is limited research on Myxobolus in Africa, particularly in Tanzania, where fisheries and aquaculture are vital for fish populations, ecosystem health, and economic growth. Methods: This study investigated the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Myxobolus parasites in 384 fish samples from Dar es Salaam (Indian Ocean) and Mwanza (Lake Victoria). Samples were examined for cysts and spores using microscopy, followed by molecular characterization through PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA gene, Sanger sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and genetic distance evaluation. Results: The overall prevalence of Myxobolus was 12%, with a significantly higher prevalence in Mwanza (21.88%) compared to Dar es Salaam (2.08%). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between prevalence, fish species, and locality. Phylogenetic analysis identified two genetic lineages within a monophyletic group, clustering with Myxobolus species from Israel, Egypt, and Ghana, suggesting potential novel species. Genetic distance analysis indicated greater variation in saltwater samples compared to freshwater. Conclusion: These findings highlight the higher prevalence of Myxobolus in freshwater and emphasize the need for targeted management strategies, continued surveillance, and research to safeguard fish populations and sustain aquaculture.
Myxobolus, Prevalence, PCR, 18s rDNA gene, Phylogenetic analysis, Genetic distance, Aquaculture, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliana Lambert Mkwama, Augustino Alfred Chengula, Gaymary George Bakari, Eliakunda Michael Mafie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
When technology goes dark: implications of a complete digital shutdown on medical practice and medical education
Contemporary healthcare delivery is deeply intertwined with digital systems, including electronic health records (EHRs), artificial intelligence (AI) supported diagnostics, telemedicine, robotic surgery platforms, and automated laboratory technologies. While these systems have enhanced efficiency, safety, and accessibility, they have also introduced structural dependence on interconnected digital infrastructure. A prolonged and comprehensive technological shutdown whether triggered by large-scale cyberattacks, geomagnetic solar disturbances, grid failure, or geopolitical conflict would have far-reaching implications for clinical care, hospital management, surgical practice, and medical education. This paper examines how such a collapse might affect diagnostic accuracy, procedural outcomes, healthcare coordination, and training models. It also proposes preparedness frameworks and recovery strategies aimed at strengthening resilience. Although the immediate impact would likely compromise efficiency and outcomes, healthcare systems that maintain strong foundational clinical competencies and operational redundancy may better withstand digital disruption. Technological advancement should remain aligned with resilience planning to ensure continuity of care under extreme conditions.
Digital Health Resilience, Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, Geomagnetic Storm, Healthcare Systems, Medical Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gasoline and vehicle-exhaust inhalation in an 11-year-old with autism spectrum disorder: a case report and management considerations
Background: Volatile substance abuse in children with neurodevelopmental disorders remains under-recognized, particularly in low-resource settings. Sensory-seeking behavior and environmental access can reinforce such patterns, posing medical and psychosocial risks. Case presentation: We report the case of an11-year-old boy with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presented with repetitive inhalation of gasoline and other volatile fuel vapors. The behavior, initially interpreted as enjoyment habit, escalated to habitual sniffing from fuel containers and vehicle exhaust. No acute intoxication condition was reported, but intermittent dizziness and cough were reported. Laboratory tests and electrocardiogram were within normal limits, whereas electroencephalography (EEG) is suggestive of ADHD. Multidisciplinary intervention was adapted including environmental modification, behavioral replacement strategies, psychoeducation, and referral to pediatric toxicology and psychiatry. Early follow-up showed reduced exposure frequency and improved parental management. Conclusion: This case highlights the need for early recognition of solvent-related behaviors in neurodivergent children, emphasizing environmental control, behavioral therapy, and multidisciplinary coordination.
Volatile Substance Misuse, ADHD, Gasoline, Inhalation, Behavior, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulnaser Abdulqader Salih Al-Samarraae, Fahem Alwan Bahlol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Obstructed kidney due to prolapsed ischemic ureterocele in old age female: a case report
Background: Ureteroceles are congenital dilations of the distal ureter, usually diagnosed in childhood. Adult presentations are uncommon, and ischemic prolapse through the urethra is exceedingly rare, particularly in elderly women. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent obstruction, infection, or renal impairment. Case presentation: A 72-year-old woman presented with severe right loin pain, vomiting, and a recent episode of gross hematuria. Imaging showed right hydronephrosis and a dilated ureter without calculi. A necrotic cystic mass protruding from the urethra was discovered during cystoscopy, consistent with an ischemic prolapsed ureterocele. Aspiration allowed reduction of the mass into the bladder. Endoscopic deroofing of the right ureterocele was performed using a monopolar TUR system, followed by bilateral ureteroscopy, which confirmed unobstructed ureters. The patient recovered well, with normalization of renal function and complete resolution of hydronephrosis. Follow-up cystography and flexible cystoscopy at three months showed no residual ureterocele or vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusion: Ischemic prolapsed ureterocele in adults is exceptionally rare. Endoscopic deroofing is a safe and effective treatment, even in elderly patients, with favorable functional outcomes.
Ureterocele, Prolapse, Ischemia, Elderly, Endoscopic Deroofing, Hydronephrosis, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2026 Aous Abed Al-Jaleel Khaleel, Waleed Khalid Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sacroiliitis as rare presentation of brucellosis: a case report
Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection with diverse clinical manifestations and may present with musculoskeletal involvement. Sacroiliitis is common in adults but rare in children, often leading to delayed diagnosis. Case presentation: We report the case of a 13-year-old boy with brucella sacroiliitis confirmed by positive serology and magnetic resonance imaging. The patient presented with prolonged low-grade fever and back pain without other classical signs of brucellosis. Plain radiography was normal, while MRI revealed sacroiliitis. He responded promptly to appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering brucellosis in children presenting with unexplained sacroiliitis, particularly in endemic regions, and emphasizes the diagnostic value of MRI and serological testing.
Brucellosis, Sacroiliitis, Children, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Khaleel Abed Al-karkhi, Mohammed Abdulkader Alchalabi, Jalil Ibrahim Al-ezzi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chronic pelvic pain and recurrent urinary tract infection in a forgotten intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) for 20 years: a case report on misplacement and migrated IUCD
Background: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) migration into the urinary bladder is a rare complication that may cause recurrent urinary tract infections, hematuria, abdominal pain, and bladder stone formation. Case presentation: A 47-year-old woman presented to the urology clinic at Life Hospital in Kalar, Iraq, in September 2025 with chronic intermittent lower abdominal pain, hematuria, and recurrent UTIs. Her medical history was unremarkable, and she had a copper-T IUCD inserted in 2005. She reported mild post-insertion bleeding and later experienced an early miscarriage and a term home delivery. Examination revealed left iliac fossa tenderness and a positive urine culture for E. coli. Imaging showed a 22 mm intravesical stone attached to a migrated IUCD. CT confirmed one T-limb in the bladder forming a stone, with the other limb penetrating the abdominal wall. Failed cystoscopic and laparoscopic attempts led to open surgery. The IUCD and stone were successfully removed, and the bladder was repaired. Recovery was uneventful, with catheter removal following a clear cystogram. Conclusion: Early recognition and prompt surgical removal of migrated IUCDs are crucial to prevent chronic infection, adhesion, and bladder wall damage.
IUCD Migration, Urinary Bladder, Vesical Stone, Cystoscopy, Surgical Removal, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Aous Abed Al-Jaleel Khaleel, Waleed Khalid Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A case report of apert syndrome in a 13-year-old girl presenting with dental pain
Background: Apert syndrome is a rare congenital craniosynostosis syndrome caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene, with an incidence of 1 in 65,000 to 200,000 live births. It is characterized by premature cranial suture fusion, midfacial hypoplasia, and syndactyly of the hands and feet. In addition to craniofacial and skeletal anomalies, patients often present with dental, airway, and ophthalmological complications requiring long-term multidisciplinary management. Case Presentation: We describe a 13-year-old female with a known diagnosis of Apert syndrome who presented with progressively worsening dental pain over one month, associated with temporal headaches and difficulty chewing. Examination revealed brachycephaly, midfacial hypoplasia, exophthalmos, and significant oral findings including high-arched palate, malocclusion, and dental crowding. Bilateral surgical scars from previous syndactyly correction were present, with residual deformities of the hands and feet. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated normal thyroid and gonadotropin profiles. Pelvic ultrasound showed normal uterus and ovaries with multiple immature follicles. She was referred for orthodontic assessment and multidisciplinary follow-up. Conclusion: Apert syndrome is a multisystem disorder that requires coordinated, lifelong management. This case emphasizes the importance of early and continuous dental surveillance, endocrinological monitoring, and psychosocial support in optimizing outcomes for adolescents with Apert syndrome.
Apert Syndrome, Craniosynostosis, Syndactyly, Dental Crowding, Endocrinology, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Bayar A Qasim, Rende SA Kochary, Halder J Abozait, Anees M Mudhir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association of vitamin D and digital screen time with dry eye syndrome among Duhok health science students
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a growing issue, especially in younger groups that use digital devices extensively and among those with vitamin deficiencies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between DED among health science students and their digital device use and vitamin D levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with ninety health science students in Duhok. Participants filled out a standardized questionnaire that asked about their screen time, how they used devices, and their Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. We checked the levels of vitamin D in the blood. Statistical analyses encompassed t-tests, one-way ANOVA, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Many participants had sustained severe DED (61.1%). The majority of participants (69%) used digital devices for more than 6 hours daily. The average OSDI scores were significantly higher in prolonged users (>6 hours/day: 51.94 ± 20.273) compared to moderate and light users (p = 0.001). Almost 80% of participants had a low level of vitamin D (deficient or insufficient). Vitamin D levels and OSDI scores were strongly negatively correlated (r = -0.622, p < 0.001), while screen time and OSDI scores were positively correlated (r = 0.573, p < 0.001), accounting for 32.8% of the variance. There was a strong link between OSDI intensity and device type (χ² = 19.69, p = 0.02), with people who used more than one device reporting the worst symptoms. There were no strong links between gender (p = 0.146) or educational stress (p = 0.462). Conclusion: Health science students who use digital devices for long periods of time and don't get enough vitamin D have higher OSDI scores. Interventions should concentrate on regulating screen time, enhancing blink efficiency, and tackling nutritional aspects such as vitamin D supplementation.
Dry Eye Disease, Ocular Surface Disease Index, Digital Device, Screen Time, Vitamin D, Students, Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ghareeb Mala Mohammed, Hishyar Mohammed Salih Garmavy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epidemiological survey on the identification of Leishmania spp in rodents and lizards from selected areas across the Rift Valley ecosystem, Tanzania: a pilot study
Background: Rodents and lizards are reservoirs of various infectious pathogens including Leishmania. This study aims to understand species composition of rodents and lizards in relation to leishmaniasis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2022. Sherman live traps were used to collect small mammals, whereas pitfall traps and hand catching were used to collect lizards. Small mammals and lizards were taxonomically identified. Spleen samples were collected separately from each specimen. Spleen impregnated smears were made on microscopic slides, fixed, and stained with 10% Giemsa stain before the cytological assay. Ecological indices were computed using paleontological statistical software. Results: A total of 303 small mammals were collected, including six rodent genera/species: Mastomys natalensis 198(65.3%); Arvicanthis spp. 73(24.1%); Rattus rattus 9 (3%); Grammomys spp. 3 (1%); Tatera spp. 2 (0.7%); Lemniscomys spp. 1 (0.3%); and one shrew, Crocidura spp. (17, 5.6%). Species diversity was significantly higher in fallow land (p=0.003) and kraal (p<0.0001) than in farmland. Mastomys natalensis demonstrates spatial omnipresence and dominates farmlands. Nine lizards were collected, including Hemidactylus mabouia 7 (77.8%) and Trachylepis striata 2 (22.2%). A total of 21 (6.9%) rodents and 5 (55.5%) lizards demonstrated the presence of Leishmania spp. amastigote-like forms, notably M. natalensis 17(5.6%), Arvicanthis spp. 4(1.3%), Hemidactylus mabouia 4(44.4%) and Trachylepis striata 1(11.1%). Conclusion: The presence of Leishmania in rodents and lizards indicates a potential reservoir role. Therefore, further research on molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. is warranted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ally Samiji, Jahashi Nzalawahe, Abdul Katakweba, Ladslaus Mnyone http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing neglected tropical diseases awareness through climate change communication in rural Nigeria
Background: Climate change, no doubt, acts as a catalyst for the spread of infectious diseases in Nigeria’s rural communities by altering the habitats of vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of communication strategies to raise awareness about NTDs in the context of climate change among rural communities. Methods: The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed research design method. It was 2025 research carried out in six states of North Central, Nigeria plus the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. A four-point Likert scale questionnaire was used as instrument in the collection of quantitative data from 365 respondents in the communities. While interview guide was used as the instrument to collect data from 21 key informants comprising of community leaders, health care givers, and policy makers. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: Participants from 18 to 56 years and above took part in the study. They constitute 168 male and 197 female. Those with secondary school education were more than those without education, and those with primary school certificates. Findings revealed that participants in the study understood adverse variation in climate connects to disease and public health problems. In addition, participants in the study unanimously agreed (with a mean score of 3.00 and above) that combating NTDs require a participatory approach, which must involve all relevant stakeholders. Conclusion: Empirical studies on NTDs in Nigeria and other endemic regions show that regardless of government and health institutions efforts toward the mitigation of NTDs, awareness is still a challenge. Therefore, increased sensitization and public involvement are essential policy priorities to sustain progress in NTDs elimination in Nigeria’s rural communities.
Climate Change, Communication, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Enhance, Awareness, Rural Communities, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrew Hyacinth Ngene http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Visual rating of GCA and MTA scoring with deep white matter hyperintensities in relation to age and cognitive value
Background: The cognitive dysfunction disorders are nowadays represented great health, social, and economic burden globally. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of these disorders. This study aims to assess the relationship between the visual rating scale of global cerebral atrophy (GCA) & medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) scoring with age, white matter hyper-intensities, and cognitive value. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out from 1st of November 2022 to 28th of February 2023 at the Magnetic Resonance Imaging unit of the Radiology department in Baghdad Teaching Hospital at Medical Complex in Baghdad city, Iraq. Sixty patients aged over 45 years with suspected cognitive abnormalities were included, while younger patients, those with territorial infarction, watershed infarction, or unwillingness to participate were excluded. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic factors, chronic illnesses, cognitive status, MRI findings, and visual rating scales (Fazekas, Global Cortical Atrophy [GCA], and Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy [MTA]). MRI was performed using a 1.5T Philips Achieva Nova scanner, and cognitive assessment was conducted with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: The mean age of participants was 62.4 ± 8.8 years, with males slightly predominating (55%). Chronic diseases were common, particularly hypertension (57.2%). Cognitive assessment revealed 51.7% with normal cognition, 18.3% with mild cognitive impairment, and 30% with dementia. Higher Fazekas, GCA, and MTA scores were significantly associated with dementia (p<0.05). MTA scores were significantly elevated in Alzheimer’s disease (p<0.001), while vascular etiologies were strongly associated with higher GCA, Fazekas, and MTA scores (p<0.05). Non-strategic lacunar ischemia showed higher Fazekas scores compared to strategic types (p=0.006). Increasing age was significantly linked to dementia, vascular pathology, and higher atrophy scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest a strong correlation between structural brain changes observed on MRI and cognitive decline, highlighting the importance of visual rating scales in clinical assessment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cognitive Disorders, Visual Rating Scales, White Matter Hyperintensities, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruaa Abdulkareem Salman , Fedan Ihsan Hassan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of vitamin B6 plus magnesium in enhancing cognitive and language functions in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder and well-controlled epilepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children often involves deficits in communication, social interaction, and behavioral regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin B6 and magnesium supplementation may aid in alleviating these symptoms. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of vitamin B6 plus magnesium in improving social, nonverbal communication, speech, and language skills in preschool children with ASD and well-controlled epilepsy. Methods: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted involving 50 children under 14 years diagnosed with ASD based on CARS-2 criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to either receive vitamin B6 plus magnesium (n=25) or a placebo (n=25) for 120 days. Clinical outcomes were evaluated weekly and analyzed using SPSS v19. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvement in social skills (Mean = 11.10, SD = 0.47, p = 0.0103), nonverbal communication (Mean = 10.67, SD = 0.59, p = 0.0024), and speech and language skills (Mean = 10.87, SD = 0.47, p = 0.0030) compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: Vitamin B6 plus magnesium significantly improves cognitive and language functions in children with ASD and well-controlled epilepsy.
Double‐blind, Vitamin B6, Magnesium, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Epileptic, Preschool Children, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Baha Dhiaa Moohee Alosy, Mossab Sarmed Adil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unprovoked crying spells in a child with ADHD: a case of dacrystic seizures
Background: Dacrystic seizures are uncommon epileptic events that manifest as brief episodes of uncontrollable crying. Because these episodes mimic emotional outbursts, they are often confused with behavioral or psychiatric problems, particularly in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Case presentation: We report the case of a 9-year-old boy with a medical history of ADHD who presented with recurrent, sudden crying spells without apparent triggers for nearly three years. The patient had no prior history of head trauma, central nervous system infection, or developmental regression. Neurological examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed no abnormalities, and routine laboratory tests were unremarkable. Following the exclusion of other possible etiologies, electroencephalography (EEG) conducted by a senior neurophysiologist in the pediatric neurology department confirmed the diagnosis of dacrystic epilepsy. The patient was started on a combination therapy of valproic acid (300 mg/day), lamotrigine (25 mg/day), and clonazepam (0.25 mg/day), which resulted in approximately 60% reduction in the frequency and intensity of the episodes within two months, without any significant adverse effects. Conclusion: Unexplained crying attacks in children, especially those with developmental disorders, should raise the possibility of dacrystic seizures. Careful neurological assessment and prompt use of antiepileptic therapy can markedly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
Dacrystic Epilepsy, Ictal Crying, Pediatric Neurology, ADHD, Case Report, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Fahem Alwan Bahlol, Abdulnaser Abdulqader Salih Al-Samarraae, Bilal Sadeq Abdulbaqi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ectoparasites and Hemoparasites of the Silvery Mole Rats (Heliophobius Argentiocinereus Emini) In Morogoro Region, Tanzania
Background: The silvery mole rat (Heliophobius Argentiocinereus Emini) is a subterranean rodent widely distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa and exploited as a protein source in some communities. Despite this, limited data exist on ectoparasite and hemoparasite infections in this species in Tanzania. This study aims to determine the prevalence of hemoparasites in silvery mole rats and to identify their potential arthropod vectors in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mvomero and Morogoro districts, Tanzania, between March and June 2023. A total of 137 silvery mole rats were captured through manual excavation. Ectoparasites were collected from animal fur and identified morphologically using taxonomic keys. Blood samples were obtained directly from the heart, and smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa, and microscopically examined for hemoparasites. Statistical analysis was performed to assess associations between host factors, ectoparasite infestation, and hemoparasite infection. Results: Of the 137 captured mole rats, 65% (n=89) were females and 86.7% (n=120) were adults. The overall prevalence of ectoparasitism was 71.5% (98/137). A total of 1,503 ectoparasites were recovered, dominated by Androlaelaps spp. (93.15%, n=1400), followed by Echinolaelaps echidinus (6.19%, n=93), and Haemaphysalis spp. ticks (0.67%, n=10). Hemoparasites were detected in 29.2% (40/137) of hosts, including Anaplasma spp. (25.5%) and Babesia spp. (16.8%). Coinfections with both parasites occurred in 13.1% of individuals. Adult mole rats had significantly higher odds of hemoparasite infection (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.15–9.11, p = 0.04). Tick infestation was strongly associated with Babesia spp. (χ² = 11.91, OR = 15.56, p < 0.001) and Anaplasma spp. (χ² = 5.82, OR = 8.3, p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of ectoparasites and hemoparasites among silvery mole rats in the Morogoro region. The dominance of mite infestations and significant associations between ticks and blood parasites highlight the potential role of mole rats as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Further molecular studies are warranted to characterize these parasites and evaluate their public health implications.
Silvery Mole Rat, Heliophobius Argentiocinereus Emini, Ectoparasites, Hemoparasites, Anaplasma, Babesia, Prevalence; Zoonotic Diseases, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2025 Debora Elias Shija , Mungo Kisinza Ngalameno , Jahashi Said Nzalawahe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predictable yet neglected: a review of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreaks and response delays in Iraq
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) poses a significant and growing public health challenge in Iraq, with outbreaks occurring predictably each year during warmer months and primarily affecting rural, livestock-rearing regions. Despite the known seasonal and geographical patterns, public health responses remain largely reactive and delayed, contributing to higher incidence and case fatalities most notably in the large outbreaks of 2022 and 2023. Factors such as disrupted veterinary services during the COVID-19 pandemic, uncontrolled animal movements, and limited healthcare infrastructure have exacerbated the spread and severity of CCHF. This review highlights the persistent gaps in proactive surveillance, intersectoral collaboration, and preventive measures in Iraq, contrasting them with more effective strategies implemented in neighboring countries. To mitigate future outbreaks, a strengthened One Health approach is urgently needed, incorporating continuous tick and animal surveillance, targeted acaricide treatment, regulation of animal slaughter, and enhanced public education. Improved national coordination and resource allocation are critical to transitioning from a reactionary stance to a sustainable, preventative framework against CCHF in Iraq. .
Copyright (c) 2025 Nawfal R Hussein, Aya R Hussein, Halder J Abozait http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial intelligence in the Iraqi health system: challenges, opportunities, and pathways towards universal health coverage
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a transformative tool in healthcare management. In Iraq, the potential of AI remains underexplored due to systemic, infrastructural, and professional challenges. This narrative review explores the challenges, problems, and potential solutions of using AI to manage and control Iraq’s health system, with a particular focus on universal health coverage (UHC). Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2025, complemented by WHO and Iraqi Ministry of Health reports. Results: The findings highlight barriers including capacity building, availability and accessibility of data, professional preparedness, and legal frameworks. Recent innovations and policy initiatives demonstrate opportunities for integration of AI to strengthen health service delivery and monitoring. Conclusion: AI adoption in Iraq requires multi-level reforms involving workforce training, legal regulation, robust digital infrastructure, and alignment with UHC objectives. These measures can enhance equity, efficiency, and resilience in Iraq’s health system.
Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare System, Universal Health Coverage, Data Management, Digital Health, Capacity Building, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo, Anmar Shukur Mahmood, Mustafa Qays Fadhil Alsamurai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serological similarity of Leptospira serovars in livestock and livestock keepers in Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania
Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease affecting mammals including wildlife, livestock, and humans, with higher prevalence recorded in pastoral communities where close contact between animals and humans increases the risk of transmission. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars among livestock and livestock keepers in four selected villages of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), during the wet season. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2022 in four villages within NCA. The convenience sampling technique was recruited to collect blood samples from 141 livestock (96 cattle, 25 sheep, and 20 goats) and 154 livestock keepers. Sera were analyzed using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to diagnose individuals infected by Leptospira serovars. Data were analyzed using SPSS v26 with descriptive and inferential statistics including Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and logistic regression. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 10.64% in livestock and 5.19% in livestock keepers. Cattle had the highest positivity (11.46%) among animals. Hebdomadis was the most frequently detected serovar in livestock, while Grippotyphosa predominated in humans. Oloirobi village recorded the highest human seroprevalence (3.25%) with a statistically significant difference compared to Endulen (p=0.007). Analysis of logistic regression showed no significant associations between seropositivity and sex or age of livestock keepers. Conclusion: The presence of Leptospira antibodies in both livestock and humans indicates ongoing exposure in the NCA. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions including livestock vaccination programs, improved animal husbandry practices, and increased public health education for livestock keepers to reduce transmission risks and protect both animal and human health.
Leptospirosis, Prevalence, Microscopic Agglutination Test, Seroprevalence, Livestock, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2025 Prisca N. Kahangwa , Amani S. Kitegile , Robert S. Machang’u, Ginethon G. Mhamphi, Claus Thomas, Abdul S. Katakweba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the effectiveness of spinal compared to general anesthesia in scheduled minimally invasive lumbar spine surgeries in a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India
Background: Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) is increasingly preferred over traditional open surgery due to its advantages. Anesthesia choice plays a key role in surgical outcomes. This study compares spinal anesthesia (SA) and general anesthesia (GA) in patients undergoing scheduled MIS for lumbar spine conditions. Methods: This prospective randomized study was conducted in Parul Sevashram Hospital, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, between May 2024 and October 2024. The study included 34 ASA-1 and ASA-2 patients scheduled for one—or two-level MIS, divided into two groups: Group G (GA) and Group S (SA). Preoperative evaluation included demographics, lab tests, and imaging. Intraoperative monitoring covered heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation. Postoperative assessments included blood loss, satisfaction scores, and complications. Results: Spinal anesthesia (SA) showed better hemodynamic stability, reduced blood loss (67.5±19.8 ml in Group S vs 73.2±14.9 ml in Group G), and higher satisfaction scores. Surgery duration was shorter in the SA group (89.9±8.2 min in Group S vs 94±7.2 min in Group G), with fewer complications. PACU stay was significantly lower in Group S (134±17.2 min) compared to Group G (175±20.4 min). Postoperative analgesic requirement (Inj Butorphanol) was also less in Group S (5 mg vs 14 mg IV). Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia for MIS, offering better patient outcomes and satisfaction. This study supports the broader use of spinal anesthesia in suitable candidates to improve perioperative care.
Spinal Anesthesia, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Patient Satisfaction, Regional Anaesthesia, Prone Position, Hemodynamic Stability, India
Copyright (c) 2025 Vanshita Patel , Ashish P Jain, Jay Pandya , Shivani Pancholi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge of antibiotic prescription guidelines among doctors in Ramadi PHC Centers, Iraq
Background: The inappropriate use of antibiotics remains a critical driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a significant threat to global public health. Poor adherence to antibiotic prescribing guidelines among healthcare providers contributes to the development and spread of resistant bacterial strains. In Iraq, the extent of this problem, particularly in primary healthcare settings, remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physicians regarding antibiotic prescription guidelines in primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Ramadi, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2024 among 92 doctors working in PHCs in Ramadi. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward antibiotic use. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26. Results: Among 92 respondents, 52.2% were female, and the majority had less than two years of experience. Although 77.2% reported that their facility provided antibiotic guidelines, only 46.7% had received regular training. Notably, 98.9% acknowledged that misuse of antibiotics contributes to resistance. However, 28.3% still believed antibiotics were effective against viral infections. Attitudes showed that 65.2% consult infectious disease experts before prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: The study highlights moderate awareness but variable adherence to antibiotic prescription guidelines among doctors in Ramadi PHCs. Interventions focusing on continuous training, access to updated guidelines, and multidisciplinary support are essential to enhance rational antibiotic use.
Antibiotic Resistance, Prescription Guidelines, Primary Healthcare, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Physician Knowledge, Antibiotic Misuse, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-Samarrai, Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo, Khamees Hussein Ali Alsaad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolated biliary tract injury: necessity to heighten vigilance following blunt abdominal trauma in children
Background: Bile duct injury after blunt abdominal trauma is a rare entity in the pediatric population. Its occurrence has been highly linked to the primary injuries of the liver or duodenum as explained by their anatomical affiliation. Case presentation: Here we present a case of a 4-year-old female brought in with a history of generalized abdominal pain that was associated with distension and absolute constipation. This was preceded by a blunt abdominal traumatic incident four days prior. On examination, she was ill-looking, tachypneic, and had a grossly distended abdomen with a positive Blumberg's sign. After the baseline laboratory and radiographic investigations, she was taken for exploration where Bile peritonitis was found secondarily to a perforated common bile duct (CBD). All other visceral structures and organs were fine; a meticulous primary closure of the 2 by 1 cm defect was done as superimposed by an omental patch. She fared well post-operatively and was discharged on the seventh day. Conclusion: Though rare, biliary tract injury should always be considered among the differential diagnoses in blunt abdominal trauma, as its early diagnosis precipitates early intervention which will in turn positively affect the patient's outcome.
Biliary Tract, Abdominal Trauma, Children, Biliary Leak, Bile Peritonitis, Blumberg’s Sign, Tanzania
Copyright (c) 2025 Seth Jotham, Alicia Massenga, Francis Semwene, Langa Michael http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Bartonella species from rodents and their associated ectoparasites in Kilwa District, Lindi region, Tanzania
Background: Bartonella are facultative Intracellular gram-negative bacteria from the Bartonellaceae family. Several rodents associated with Bartonella species have been known to be transmitted by ectoparasites to animals and humans however, limited information is available about their epidemiology, host, vector, and species specificity, particularly in southern Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of Bartonella species in rodents and their associated ectoparasites in Kilwa district, Southern part of Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to capture rodents using Sherman and Wire cage traps. Captured rodents were anesthetized using diethyl ether and dissected to extract spleen tissue. Ectoparasites were identified by examining their morphological features with a stereo microscope aided by ectoparasites identification keys. A total of 138 rodent spleen tissue and 93 pools of ectoparasites were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing targeting the gltA gene of Bartonella species. Results: The overall prevalence of Bartonella species in rodents was 3.62% with a statistically significant difference in prevalence among species (χ² = 12.951, df = 5, p < 0.01) compared to 3.23% in ectoparasites with no significant differences across species (p > 0.05). Bartonella infections were 3.37% in M. natalensis, 3.27% in R. rattus and 50.0% in G. dolichurus. The Laelaps species and Xenopsylla cheopis were found infected by 6.67% and 2.70%, respectively, while Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was not infected by Bartonella species. Sequence analysis of rodents and ectoparasites showed that the obtained sequences in the current study were genetically closely related to Bartonella mastoids from Turkey, Bartonella species from Kenya, and uncultured Bartonella species from South Africa (99.50–99.75% identity). Conclusion: The detection of Bartonella species in rodents and their associated ectoparasites implies the reservoir role of rodents and vectors in transmitting Bartonella species to humans and animals. The results suggest that further epidemiological studies need to be done to determine whether the identified Bartonella species could be responsible for animal and human cases of febrile illness in an area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pilato Nazareno Waya, Elisa Daniel Mwega, Christopher Sabuni, Martin John Martin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Non-medical pathways to cardiovascular health: a discourse analysis of dietary and lifestyle interventions in the United States
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. While conventional medical treatments dominate cardiovascular care, non-medical pathways, such as plant-based dietary patterns and lifestyle modifications, have gained recognition for their potential to complement traditional approaches. Methods: A qualitative discourse analysis was conducted on peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2023. A systematic search across databases identified 10 studies that met inclusion criteria, focusing on non-medical interventions for reducing CVD risk in U.S.-based populations. Data extraction and thematic synthesis highlighted key patterns related to dietary and lifestyle interventions, cost implications, physiological outcomes, and implementation barriers. Results: Five key themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Plant-based dietary patterns, including vegetarian and vegan diets, consistently improved blood pressure and lipid profiles. (2) Lifestyle modifications, such as increased physical activity and stress management, enhanced cardiovascular health when integrated into primary care frameworks. (3) Non-medical interventions demonstrated significant improvements in physiological outcomes, including reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (4) These interventions were cost-effective and scalable, making them viable options for diverse populations. (5) Barriers to implementation included cultural and socioeconomic factors, as well as challenges in sustaining long-term adherence. Conclusion: Non-medical pathways, particularly plant-based dietary patterns and lifestyle modifications, play a critical role in mitigating cardiovascular disease risks. These approaches not only address key physiological risk factors but also provide cost-effective, accessible, and scalable solutions for diverse populations. Overcoming barriers to implementation through tailored interventions and community-based strategies is essential to ensure their success. Integrating these non-medical pathways into healthcare frameworks could significantly reduce the burden of CVD and promote equitable health outcomes.
Cardiovascular Health, Qualitative Discourse Analysis, Dietary and Lifestyle Interventions, United State, United Kingdom
Copyright (c) 2025 Awobode Joel Oyetomi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Worker falls with impalement by a steel bar that results in a penetrating scrotal injury: a case report
Background: Scrotal injuries constitute the great bulk of genito-urinary traumas. Penetrating scrotal injuries are infrequent when compared to blunts. Moreover, impalement injuries by hard metals are rarer, especially when no permanent harm is left. Case presentation: A 38-year-old male construction site worker was brought to the accident and emergency (A&E) department after falling from a 3 meters-high building. On arrival, his look was horrific, as a large steel bar was penetrating his right chest causing pneumothorax. A second bar penetrated his scrotum from bottom to up. The patient was frightened by the accident. Vitals were normal, with no signs of major blood loss. The chest trauma was dealt with by the relevant team, while the scrotal injury necessitated emergency surgery. Operatively, the steel bar was found to travel miraculously across the scrotal contents sparing vital structures. Subsequently, the bar was removed leaving no permanent damage. The patient was discharged home uneventfully. Conclusion: A steel bar might cause an eerily external genital injury that passes throughout the scrotum without notable content damage.
Male External Genital Injury, Penetration Scrotal Trauma, Acute Scrotum, Sharp Genital Trauma, Occupational Hazard, Fall with Impalement, Saudia Arabia
Surgical Trauma, Emergency Medicine, Urology
Copyright (c) 2025 Atif Katib, Alya Filfilan, Bassem Dakkak, Bassam Bugis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unveiling the facilitators and barriers of adopting healthy diets among Indonesian teenagers during covid-19 pandemic
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted shifts in dietary habits among Indonesian teenagers, with some embracing healthier choices while others succumb to unhealthy options, especially during confinement. Identifying the factors influencing these dietary changes is essential for crafting effective interventions to promote better nutrition during this challenging time. This study aimed to determine the factors facilitating teenagers' shift to healthy, well-balanced diets. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 396 teenagers aged 15-17 in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, Indonesia was conducted in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed using an online survey platform. Nutrition literacy was assessed through health literacy measures related to adolescents' nutrition and diet. Predictors of the outcome were determined by logistic regression analysis. Results: The results showed low economic status, comorbidities, and COVID-19 modules significantly predicted the shift to healthy diets. After adjusted analysis, only low economic levels (OR 0.30, 95% CI [0.13-0.70], p<0.05) and comorbidities (OR 0.33, 95% CI [0.12-0.93], p<0.05) were independent barriers against teenagers shifting to healthy diets, while choosing food without preservatives (OR 2.22, 95% CI [1.18-4.16], p<0.05) and maintaining body weight (OR 3.04, 95% CI [1.79-5.16], p<0.05) independently facilitated it. Conclusion: The strategic actions aimed at improving dietary practices and nutrition literacy in teenagers should be designed to narrow the socioeconomic gap.
Adolescents, Equality, Healthy Diet, Nutrition Literacy, Socioeconomic Gap, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Visuddho Visuddho, Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah, Annette d’Arqom, Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti, Farapti Farapti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Differences, relationships, and risks of using digital technology with depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical need for mental health resilience and digital inclusion, particularly among vulnerable populations. To draw lessons from the pandemic for future public health initiatives, this study examined the mental health status of middle-aged and older Indonesians and its associations with sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, grief experiences, and digital technology use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (September–October 2021). An online questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, grief experiences, and digital technology usage. Mental health was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: From total 199 enrolled in this study, prevalence rates for depression, anxiety, and stress were 11.1%, 33.7%, and 19.5%, respectively. Depression was associated solely with marital status, while anxiety was influenced by marital status, comorbidities, and the use of digital technology for health information access (p<0.05). Stress was impacted by gender, marital status, comorbidities, and digital technology usage (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that infrequent digital technology use predicted higher levels of depression and anxiety (aOR, 2.82, CI 1.14-6.96; 2.36, CI 1.26-4.43; p<0.05). Females, unmarried individuals (aOR, 2.38, CI 1.08-5.25; 2.37, CI 1.11-5.09; p<0.05), and those with comorbidities were at greater risk for mental health challenges (aOR, 3.92, CI 1.43-10.75; p<0.05). However, inadequate digital technology skills were linked to lower stress likelihood (aOR, 0.37, CI 0.144-0.95; p<0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of bridging the digital gap and addressing social determinants to strengthen mental health resilience among middle-aged and older adults in Indonesia. Post-pandemic, integrating digital inclusion strategies into public health initiatives is vital for fostering equitable mental health outcomes.
Aging, COVID-19, Digital Gap, Equality, Mental Health, Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah, Brihastami Sawitri, Beny Aji Ifaudi Rahman, Atika Atika, Erikavitri Yulianti, Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti, Visuddho Visuddho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serological insights and clinical patterns of dengue fever in a tertiary care hospital: a survey-based study
Background: Dengue fever, a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV) and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, remains a public health concern in India, especially due to its seasonal and geographical variability. The disease manifests with symptoms like fever, myalgia, rashes, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, affecting various organs. This study aimed to examine the demographic patterns, clinical presentations, and healthcare-seeking behavior of paediatric dengue patients. Additionally, it analyzed dengue positivity trends from 2021 to 2023. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2021 among suspected dengue paediatric patients admitted to the Paediatrics department of Autonomous State Medical College Firozabad. Diagnostic tests included Dengue rapid NS1, ELISA NS1 Antigen, and IgM ELISA. Data were analyzed to assess clinical symptoms, healthcare access, and yearly dengue trends. Results: A total of 6,445 patients were clinically suspected of dengue at the Paediatrics IPD, Autonomous State Medical College, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh. Among them, 386 were confirmed dengue-positive by rapid card, NS1 antigen, or IgM ELISA tests. The highest number of suspected cases (43.17%) was observed in school-going children (6–12 years). Males (55.47%) were more affected than females (44.53%), with nearly equal distribution between rural and urban areas. Platelet counts varied widely, with 31.73% having counts between 50,000–100,000. Fever with myalgia (75.65%) was the most common symptom. Dengue positivity fluctuated across years, with the highest rate in 2021 (193/1147 cases), followed by declines in 2022 and 2023. Conclusion: Dengue fever shows a variable trend in incidence, with significant impact from healthcare access and public awareness. Improving awareness and timely diagnosis could help mitigate the severity of cases in future outbreaks.
Dengue, Paediatric Case, ELISA, Clinical Manifestation, Positivity Trends, India
Copyright (c) 2025 Zikra Tahseen , Chandramani Yadav http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of asthma on linear growth in preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Iraq
Background: Asthma is a common chronic respiratory condition in children, often emerging during the preschool years. Its long-term effects may extend beyond respiratory health, potentially influencing physical development, including linear growth. This study aims to determine whether a significant association exists between asthma and impaired linear growth of preschool-aged children in Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st January and 30th June 2024 at Al-Batool Teaching Hospital, pediatric outpatient clinics, Diyala, Iraq. The cohort analyzed data of 90 children aged 1–5 years who has been divided into two groups: asthmatic (n=45) and non-asthmatic controls (n=45). Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) were used to assess linear growth. Data were collected through caregiver interviews and medical record reviews, including sociodemographic characteristics and clinical information. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were employed to identify significant associations between asthma and stunting. Results: Among asthmatic children, 42.2% had low HAZ scores compared to 20.0% of non-asthmatic children (p=0.03). Logistic regression showed that asthma was significantly associated with linear growth impairment (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1–7.2, p=0.028), even after adjusting for confounders such as nutrition and parental education. Conclusion: Asthma in preschool children is significantly associated with impaired linear growth. Early detection, asthma control, and integrated nutrition strategies are crucial to improving both respiratory and growth outcomes. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore causality and long-term developmental impacts.
Asthma, Linear Growth, Stunting, Preschool Children, Iraq, Height-For-Age Z-Score, Childhood Morbidity, Iraq
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Gedis Shareef Al-fadhli, Ahmed Khaleel Abed Al-karkhi, Jalil Ibrahim Al-ezzi, Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0